Many confuse the caduceus with the Rod of Asclepius (pictured here).
The caduceus, the staff of the Greek messenger god Hermes, has been wrongly used as a medical symbol for a little over one hundred years. It has often been mistaken for the Rod of Asclepius, a visually similar symbol belonging to the god of healing and medicine.
Both symbols feature snakes winding up the length of a central staff, though one has two snakes, and usually a set of wings, while the other has only one snake. Could you tell them apart?
The fact that this mixup has lasted for so long is strange and, at times, ironic, given what mythology teaches us about Hermes and his iconography, which can be spotted throughout art history, starting in Ancient Greece.
As the messenger god, Hermes also came to be known as a patron of negotiation, trade, and commerce. As Hermes’ trusty staff, the caduceus came to take on the same symbolic resonances as the god himself. For example, the staff can be seen printed on Roman coins dating back to the first century.
The symbol experienced a particular uptick in use during the Neoclassical period of the eighteenth century. In Rousselet’s series, Les Arts Liberaux, the allegorical figure in Rhetoric holds the caduceus, levying its associations with negotiation and communication. The artist is likely also intentionally playing on the god’s patronage of deceivers and even thieves, as a nod to the sly persuasiveness often associated with rhetorical practice.
Gilles Rousselet, Rhetoric, from the series “The Liberal Arts” (Les arts liberaux), 1633–35.
The first documented instance of a caduceus being misused as a medical symbol occurred in the 1850s, when it was applied to the chevrons of U.S. Army hospital stewards. By 1902, it had been added to the uniforms of U.S. Army medical officers. After WWI, the Navy also began to use the symbol in its Hospital Corps. For a time, even the American Medical Association used the symbol.
Flag of the U.S. Surgeon General
Eventually, many of these larger organizations changed or modified their emblems to remove the caduceus but misuse continues to run rampant across the US and in smaller institutions. A survey published in 1992 revealed that across a sampling of U.S. hospitals, professional, and commercial medical associations, about 41% use the Rod of Asclepius while 59% still feature the caduceus. The survey also found that commercial institutions were most likely to use the caduceus, at a rate of 76%.
Seal of the U.S. Public Health Service
This may be simply due to the fact that these companies are most concerned with what will be most recognizable to the general public. It is not unusual for images, like words, to evolve over time and come to mean something entirely different. And yet, when one realizes that the United States Surgeon General’s flag and the symbol of the U.S. Public Health Service both still feature the caduceus, the irony is hard to ignore. Especially in a country so divided by the politics of healthcare, something its people are being forced to reckon with now more than ever.
Anna Claire Mauney is the former managing editor for Art & Object. A writer and artist living in North Carolina, she is interested in illustration, the 18th-century, and viceregal South America. She is also the co-host of An Obsessive Nature, a podcast about writing and pop culture.
